tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91389336753801427582024-03-12T18:34:33.258-07:00Mining Zonekang mujeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12113643519074039876noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9138933675380142758.post-84950062040553908092013-04-07T02:44:00.001-07:002013-04-07T02:44:33.865-07:00KRISMIN 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
II.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KRISTALOGRAFI
DAN MONEROLOGI</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kristalografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristalografi adalah
sains eksperimental yang bertujuan menentukan susunan atom dalam zat padat.
Dulunya istilah ini digunakan untuk studi ilmiah kristal. Kata “kristalografi”
sendiripun berasal dari bahasa Yunai, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">crystallon
</i>yang artinya “tetesan dingin/beku”, dengan makna meluas pada semua padatan
transparan pada derajat tertentu, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">graphein
</i>(menulis). Kristalografi merupakan suatu disiplin ilmu dalam bidang
geologi, kimia dan fisika yang mempelajari bentuk fisik kristal. Kristal
didefinisikan sebagai benda padat homogen yang memiliki batas bidang muka
tertentu dimana keteraturan bidang-bidangnya merupakan ekspresi dari bentuk
bangun dalam suatu ion, atom, dan molekul.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kristal terbentuk secara alamiah dan
mempunyai unsur atom, ion, dan molekul bebas pada proporsi yang dapat terkumpul
sehingga membentuk kristal. Dalam proses pembentukan kristal terdapat
kecenderungan mengikuti rongga-rongga bawah dari permukaan bumi, sehingga
sangat jarang ditemui bentuk kristal alamiah yang sempurna. Dan bahan-bahan
pembentuknya dapat berupa hasil dari pelarutan air dan larutan pada permukaan
magma maupun relaksasi dalam keadaan padat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Substansi kristal yang dihasilkan dari
proses relaksasi terdiri dari dua macam, yaitu substansi amori dan substansi
kristalin. Kristalin yang bersubstansi amori adalah kristal yang tidak memiliki
keteraturan pada konfigurasi atom-atom atau molekul penyusunnya. Sedangkan kristal
yang bersubstansi kristalin adalah kristal yang memiliki konfigurasi atom-atom
atau molekul teratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa akibat terbentuknya kristal dari proses
geologi, berupa :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Endogenik, yaitu dimana kristal berasal dari suatu proses kristalisai magma.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Eksigenik, yaitu dimana proses kristalin sangat dipengaruhi oleh gaya-gaya asal
luar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Tektonik Lempeng, yaitu merupakan suatu proses mineralisasi yang berasosiasi
pada jalur magnetik dan zona pelapukan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
diamati lebih lanjut kita dapat mengetahui kristal berdasarkan bentuknya, maka
kristal terbagi menjadi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal
Euhedral adalah kristal yang dicirikan oleh perkembangan muka kristal yang
sempurna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal
Subhedral adalah kristal yang dicirikan oleh perkembangan muka kristal yang
sebagiannya saja yang sempurna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal
Anhedral adalah kristal yang dicirikan oleh kristal yang tidak memiliki bidang
muka kristal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur-unsur
Simetri Kristal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur-unsur simetri
kristal terbagi menjadi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.1.1.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pusat
Simetri Kristal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu
kristal dapat dikatakan mempunyai titik atau pusat simetri apabila setiap garis
yang ditarik dari tiap titik pada permukaan kristal selalu melalui pusat-pusat
kristal, sehingga menghasilkan titik-titik yang berlawanan arah dengan jarak
yang sama atau pusat simetri merupakan titik khayal didalam kristal sebagai
tempat perpotongan kristal antara sumbu-sumbu yang sama pada posisi yang ada
dan berlawanan arah. Dan biasanya pusat simetri dilambangkan dengan notasi (c)
atau (i)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.1.2.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang
Simetri Kristal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang
simetri atau cermin ini merupakan suatu bidang imaginer atau bisa juga dibilang
bidang khayal yang memisahkan dua bidang yang mempunyai bentuk muka yang sama
dalam ukuran dan bentuk pada arah yang berlawanan. Bidang simetri tersebut
merupakan suatu bidang pencerminan (m) antara kristal yang lainnya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.1.3.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumbu
Simetri Kristal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu simetri adalah garis khayal,
yaitu dimana kristal dapat berotasi dan juga disebut sebagai sumbu lipat serta
dapat menunjukkan paling banyak dari kenampakan kristal atau merupakan garis
khayal pada kristal yang jika diputar 1 kali pemutaran penuh (360) melalui
garis khayal sebagai porosnya maka akan menghasilkan kenampakan yang sama.
Adapun jenis-jenis sumbu simetri antara lain :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu
Utama yaitu mempengaruhi pada penentuan sistem kristal pada sumbu a, sumbu b,
dan sumbu c.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu
Miring yaitu tidak mempengaruhi didalam penentuan sistem kristal :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu
Diagonal yaitu sumbu yang mana menghubungkan susut-sudut kristal dan biasanya
terletak diantara sumbu a, sumbu b, dan sumbu c.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu
Oblique yaitu sumbu miring selain sumbu diagonal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudut
antara sumbu utama yang besarnya dapat menentukan dalam penentuan sistem
kristal dimana sistem-sistem sudut tersebut adalah sudut antara sumbu b dan
sumbu c, sudut antara sumbu a dan sumbu c, dan sudut antara sumbu a dan sumbu
b.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu
Rotasi yaitu sumbu simetri yang jika diputar akan menunjukkan kenampakan suatu
kombinasi inversi atau pembalikan pada belahan kristal tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu
Rotasi Inversi yaitu suatu sumbun simetri yang dapat menunjukkan kenampakan
suatu inversi atau pembalikan pada sisi lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Screw
Axis yaitu sumbu simetrinya sebagai bentuk kombinasi antara pemutaran dan
pergeseran translasi dimana selama pemutaran dan pergeseran menunjukkan
penampakan ulang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Axial
Ratio yaitu meruapakan perbandingan antara panjang sumbu-sumbu a, b,c, dan d.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.1.4.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zona
dan Sumbu Zona</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidang-bidang kristal
yang terletak pada sedemikian rupa sehingga garis-garis potong saling sejajar
satu sama lain dan sumbu zona adalah garis nyata yang sejajar dengan garis
potong nya terletak, pada tengah-tengahnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indiscee
dan Parameter</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pengertian Indices yaitu suatu istilah yang digunakan untuk menyatakan
kedudukan, posisi dari bidang muka kristal.Sedangkan pengertian dari parameter
yaitu merupakan perbandingan bagian panjang antara sumbu simetri kristal yang
terpotong oleh perpanjangan, dari bidang muka kristal tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.2.1.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Indiscess
Weiss</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam menyatakan indeks bidang muka
kristal ini, weiss mendasarkan pada parameter ini, dari bidang muka kristal
yang mempunyai panjang pemotongan secara sebenarnya terhadap sumbu-sumbu
simetri utama, sehingga bidang muka kristal perpanjangannya ini tidak memotong
sumbu, dengan notasi tidak terhingga. ( ~ ).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetapkan letak sumbu-sumbu simetri
utama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetapkan bidang muka kristal yang
dimaksud.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cari parameter perpotongannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan
nilai indeks weiss bidang dari muka pada kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.25pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu a terpotong
sehingga parameter perpotongan dituliskan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.25pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:~c atau ; a ; b ; c = 1 :~:~</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
muka bidang kristal memotong sumbu yang negatif, maka tanda negatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“-“ hendaknya dituliskan dibagian atas
indeks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.2.2.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indiscess
Miller</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
menyatakan indeks bidang muka Kristal Miller telah mengupayakan untuk
menghilangkan notasi tak terhingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( ~ )
pada bagian parameter perpotongan yang sejajar sumbu-sumbu simetri utama dengan
membalikkan proporsi kepada parameter perpotongan yaitu dengan menempatkannya
pembilang menjadi penyebut dan sebaliknya bila ada angka pecahan dibulatkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu
bilangan kristal memotong<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OA : OB :
OC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan perbandingan panjang 0,8 : 1,5
: 0,5 cm dianggap sebagai satuan ukur, maka harus dibulatkan menjadi 1 : 2 : 1
.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehingga
Indices Millernya menjadi nilai ( 121 ) bidang D hanya memotong sumbu c dan
sejajar dengan sumbu a dan b, maka Indices Weiss = 1 dan pada Indices Miller
hal ini tidak menunjukkan ada posisi dari bidang dimuka kristal. Agar notasi
menghilang dari tak terhingga harus dikembalikan pada Indices Miller dengan
suatu “ Reciprocals “, menjaadi = 0 0 1 .</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 97.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intercept</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" width="195">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reciprocals</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 91.15pt;" width="122">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indices</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" width="195">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1/1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1/2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1/1...x2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 91.15pt;" width="122">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">~<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>~<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" width="195">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1/0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1/0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1/2...x2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 91.15pt;" width="122">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>~</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 146.2pt;" width="195">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1/6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>¼<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1/0...x12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 91.15pt;" width="122">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 106.35pt 155.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel
2. Repciprocals oleh Miller</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
menentukan Indices Miller :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Cari parameter perpotongannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Buat proporsi parameter dari perpotongan sebenarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Buat proporsi perpotongan Miller dengan cara menempatkan pembilang menjadi
penyebut dan sebaliknya dari propersi parameter dan yang sebenarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Bulatkan jika terdapat angka pecahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Tentukan nilai Indeks
Miller bidang dimuka yang dimaksud dengan cara menuliskan secara berurutan
proporsi Miller dalam tanda kurung yaitu (a b c)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasi
dan Kelas Kristal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara mengindentifikasi
suatu kristal telah bnyak dirumuskan oleh para ahli, namun secara umum hanya
notasi Herman Manguin yang sering dan dipakai untuk identifikasi kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.3.1.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasi
Sistem Kristal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
utama yang mempengaruhi dasar didalam pengidentifikasian sistem kristal ini
adalah konstanta kristalografi dari kristal yang akan diidentifikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah-langkah
dalam penentuan adanya identifikasi kristal adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ambil sampel kristal yang akan dicoba
diidentifikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perkiraan letak sumbu-sumbu simetri utama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tentukan konstanta kristalografi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kelompokan kristal tersebut dalam sistem dan
konstantanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.3.2.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasi
Kelas Kristal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
mengidentifikasi suatu kristal telah banyak dirumuskan oleh para ahli, antara
lain oleh schoenflies, shuvbnihev, maupun juga oleh ahli Herman Manguin yang
lebih umum digunakan dalam praktikum notasi dari Hermn Manguin adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Notasi penulisan simetri yang dilakukan oleh Herman Manguin dalam penelitian
dikristalnya notasi ini dituliskan secara beruntun dalam penulisannya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik
Penggambaran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Faktor utama yang sangat menentukan dalam
teknik penggambaran dari unsur-unsur simetri yang dimiliki olah kristal dengan
memperhatikan suatu konstanta penggambaran yang sudah ditetapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.4.1.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik
Penggambaran Dalam Dua Dimensi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
ingin mengamati objek dari tiga dimensi menjadi dua dimensi yaitu dengan cara
proyeksi kristalografi, dan disuatu prinsip dari proyeksi kristal adalah
penggambaran kembali dari setiap bidang dimana suatu kristal menjadi suatu
titik tertentu, dengan cara dan menentukan posisi dengan menarik garis tegak
lurus atau garis normal dari suatu pusat kristal terhadap muka kristalnya,
sehingga memotong dari bidang proyeksi. Dalam hal ini, kristal ditempatkan
pusat bola.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi
ini terbagi menjadi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proyeksi Bola</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proyeksi Stereografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proyeksi Gnomonik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proyeksi Ortografi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.4.2.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik
Penggambaran Tiga Dimensi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggambaran
tiga dimensi dengan menggambarkan diunsur-unsur simetri kristal dalam bentuk
tiga dimensi, dengan memperhatikan sudut gambar baik horizontal maupun
pertikal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minerologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineralogi
ialah ilmu bumi yang berfokus pada sifat kimia, struktur kristal, dan fisika
dari mineral. Studi ini juga mencakup proses pembentukan dan perubahan mineral.
Mineralogi merupakan suatu ilmu yang mempelajari segala sesuatunya tentang
mineral. Mulai dari pembagian atau penggolongan mineral, pengenalan sifat-sifat
mineral, pendeskripsian mineral dan semua hal yang ada kaitannya dengan
mineral.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bebatuan
yang sering kita temukan di sekitar lingkungan kita merupakan kumpulan mineral
yang terbentuk saling mengikat sehingga membentuk bongkahan batu. Mineral
merupakan terminologi untuk menyebutkan suatu zat yang terbentuk secara alami,
anorganik, mempunyai unsur kimia tertentu dan memiliki sifat-sifat fisis maupun
kimiawi. Bintik-bintik berwarna putih, hitam, atau abu-abu pada bentuk luar
bebatuan bila diperhatikan tanpa kita sadari sebenarnya merupakan suatu mineral
yang mempunyai karateristik yang berbeda-beda. Apabila dipelajari lebih lanjut,
pada batuan tersebut terdapat mineral hornblende yang berwarna hitam, mineral
kuarsa yang berwarna putih kebening-beningan, mineral plagioklas yang berwarna
putih, dan bahkan mungkin dapat ditemukan mineral ortoklas yang berwarna merah
jambu. Jumlah mineral di bumi ini sangat banyak dan hampir tak terhitung
jumlahnya serta ada ribuan jenis mineral yang berbeda-beda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agar
dapat mempelajari tentang mineral, tentunya terlebih dahulu mengetahui
sifat-sifat yang ada pada mineral tersebut. Beberapa sifat mineral, yaitu sifat
fisik secara teoritis dan sifat fisik secara determinasi. Sifat fisik secara
teori ini hanya dapat menggambarkan sebagian dari sifat-sifat mineral dan tidak
dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman untuk menentukan atau membedakan
mineral-mineral yang ada, karena hanya terdapat pada sebagian mineral saja.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Mineral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral adalah senyawa alami yang terbentuk melalui proses </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">geologis</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Istilah <i>mineral</i> adalah suatu
zat yang terdapat dalam alam dengan komposisi kimia yang khas dan biasanya
mempunyai struktur kristal yang jelas, yang kadang-kadang dapat menjelma dalam
bentuk geometris tertentu. Istilah mineral dapat mempunyai bermacam-macam
makna; sukar untuk mendefinisikan mineral dan oleh karena itu kebanyakan orang
mengatakan, bahwa mineral ialah satu frase yang terdapat dalam alam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan
Mineral</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan mineral sangat
banyak terutama yang berkaitan dengan industri kecil dan industri besar. Dalam
laporan ini hanya kegunaan sebagian dari mineral yang ada antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Talk<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>(H</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mg(SiO</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₃</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₄</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai alat
penyemir dan juga sebagai tepung kosmetik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gypsum
(CaSO</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₄</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
2H</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai bahan
bangunan dan metalogi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Calsit
(CaCO</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₃</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai bahan
bangunan dan alat optik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Flourit
(CaFe</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai alat
optik dan metalogi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Argenit
(Ag</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan bahan tambang
yang menghasilkan perak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Quartz
(SiO</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai alat
opik dan industri gelas atau seperti perhiasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Silver
( Ag )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai bahan
konduktor dan panas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaelinite
(Al</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Si</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₅</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OH)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai bahan
keramik, bangunan, juga industri kertas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diamond
( C )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai
perhiasan, pemotong kaca, dan mata bor. Umumnya juga terdapat pada batuan ultra
basa atau kimberlit sebagai intan primer dan pada endapan sekunder dengan emas,
perak, dan korondum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bauksit ( Al</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O(OH</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₄</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan
sebagai pembuatan alumunium dan untuk bahan tahan api.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Magnetite (Fe</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₃</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₄</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan biji besi
yang penting untuk suatu pembuatan baja diSwedia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anhidrit (CaSO</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">₄</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai bahan
hiasan dan jambangan buat bunga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rodonit ( MnSiO3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Digunakan sebagai bahan hiasan khususnya
yang terbuat dari semen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat
Fisik Mineral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
segi praktis terutama dalam, kegiatan pendiskripsian mineral. Sifat fisik
deskripsi dilabolatorium, adapun beberapa sifat fisiknya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.1.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Warna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna
merupakan sesuatu yang kita tangkap dengan mata apabila mineral terkena oleh cahaya
yang dipantulkan oleh mineral itu sendiri. Warna penting untuk membedakan
antara warna mineral yang diakibatkan oleh pengotoran dan warna asli yang
berasal dari elemen utama mineral itu sendiri. Kebanyakan mineral mempunyai
warna yang khusus, misalnya mineral azurit yang berwarna biru atau mineral
epidon yang berwarna kuning hijau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna
mineral terbagi menjadi 2 macam, yaitusebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Warna Isiokhromatik yaitu apabila suatu
mineral mempunyai warna yang selalu tetap, biasanya dapat dijumpai pada mineral-mineral
yang tidak bisa di tembus oleh cahaya atau berkilap logam. Contohnya seperti
Magnetit, Galena, Pirit, dan Pirolusit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Warna
Allokhromatik yaitu apabila suatu mineral yang warnanya tidak tetap dan
tergantung terhadap mineral pengotornya, biasanya dapat dijumpai pada
mineral yang tembus oleh cahaya atau berkilap non logam. Contohnya seperti
Kuarsa, Gipsum, dan Kalsit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.2.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gores</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah
warna mineral dalam bentuk serbuk diperoleh dengan cara menggoreskan sampel
suatu mineral pada porslin putih atau juga dapat diperoleh dengan cara
memmbubuk atau mengikir mineral tersebut. Porselin biasanya memiliki kekerasan
sekitar 7, karena itu tidak dapat dipergunakan untuk mineral dengan kekerasan
yang lebih dari 7.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pyrite warna gores hitam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orthoklas warna gores putih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.3.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kilap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilap ditimbulkan oleh cahaya yang
dipantulkan dari permukaan luar sebuah mineral dan berhubungan erat dengan
sifat pemantulan dan pembiasan. Intensitas kilap tergantung dari indeks bias
dari suatu mineral yang apabila semakin besar indeks bias mineralnya maka
semakin besar pula jumlah cahaya yang dipantulkannya . Nilai ekonomis dari
mineral kadang-kadang ditentukan oleh kilapnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kilap
mineral dibagi menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kilap Logam ( Metallic Luster )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral-mineral <i>opaque</i> yang
memiliki indeks bias sama dengan tiga atau lebih. Contohnya seperti
Galena, <i>Native Metal, </i> Sulfit, dan Pirit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kilap Non Logam ( Sub Metallic Luster )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kilap
jenis ini terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilap Kaca (<i>Vitreous Luster</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila
terkena cahaya, mineral akan memberikan kesan seperti kaca. Contohnya seperti
Kuarsa dan Kalsit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilap Intan (<i>Diamond Luster</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila
terkena cahaya, mineral akan memberikan kesan cemerlang seperti intan.
Contohnya seperti pada Intan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilap Sutera (<i>Silky Luster</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila
terkena cahaya<i>, </i>mineral akan memberikan kesan sutera dan biasanya
terdapat pada mineral yang berserat. Contohnya seperti Asbes, Aktinolit,
dan Gipsum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilap Damar (<i>Resinous Luster</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila
terkena cahaya, mineral akan memberikan kesan seperti getah damar atau
kekuning-kuningan. Contohnya seperti Spalerit dan Sulfonit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilap Mutiara (<i>Pearly Luster</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila
terkena cahaya, mineral akan memberikan kesan seperti mutiara atau bagian dalam
dari kulit kerang. Contohnya seperti pada Muskovit, Talk, dan Dolomit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilap Lemak (<i>Greasy Luster</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila
terkena cahaya, mineral akan memberikan kesan seperti sabun. Contohnya seperti
pada Serpentinit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilap Tanah (<i>Earthy Luster</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila
terkena cahaya, mineral akan memberikan kesan seperti lempung. Contohnya
seperti pada Kaolin, Limonit, dan Pauksit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.4.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pecahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pecahan
adalah suatu kenampakan mineral dalam keadaan pecah, cara mengetahuinya adalah
dengan melalui bidang yang tidak rata, tidak halus, tidak licin, dan tidak
teratur. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila tidak membelah secara teratur, maka mineral
akan pecah dengan arah yang tidak akan teratur, umumnya tidak mempunyai
permukan itu datar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fracture dapat dibagi menjadi enam,
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Concoidal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pecah
mengulit bawang atau memperlihatkan dan gelombang yang melengkung dipermukaan
pecahaan seperti kenampakan rumah siput atau pechan botol. Contoh : Kwarsa,
Obsidian </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hackly</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permukaan
tidak teratur dengan ujung-ujung yang runcing. Contoh : Pecahan besi, emas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uneven atau Irregular</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permukaan
teratur dengan ujung-ujung yang runcing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
: Pecahan besi, emas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Even </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permukaan
yang relatif berauran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
: Garnet, Kalopirit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Splinter atau Fibrous</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjukkan
gejala pecahan seperti serat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
: Asbes, Augit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Earthy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
mineral pecah, hancur seperti anah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
: Talk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.5.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah
kemampuan mineral untuk membelah diri sesuai dengan bidang belahnya. Bidang
pada belahan umumnya berupa bidang muka datar atau sejajar dengan bidang
kristal dan indices itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas
belahan debagi menjadi empat, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 66.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perfect (Sempurna)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu
pecah sejajar bidang belahnya dengan memperlihankan bidang permukaan yang
halus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 66.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Good (baik)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu
lebih mudah pecah menurut bidang belah dibandingkan dengan bidang atau arah
lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 66.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Distinct (berbeda)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu
pecah sesuai bidang belahnya tetapi juga dapat pecah menuru arah lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 66.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indistinct (sama segala arah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 66.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu
bila bidang belahYaitu belah dan bidang sama mudahnya. Bila bidang belah ini
dalam satu mineral, tidak memberikan suatu pola tertentu dengan kata lain
mineral tersebut pecah secara tidak dapat tidak beraturan, maka keadaan ini
dinyatakan sebagai pecahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.6.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekerasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah
ketahanan mineral terhdap goresan benda lain. Dalam mengukur kekerasan dapat
digunakan berbagai cara, akan tetapi juga di lapangan cukup diketahuai kekerasan
relatifnya. Dalam mineralogi kekerasan relatif akan dapat diterminasikan dengan
menggunakan suatu set dan mineral standar yang dikenal dengan nama adalah.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 191.4pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“SKALA
MOSH”</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 104.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Skala kekerasan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mineral</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumus kimia</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Talk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mg(SiO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gypsum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CaSO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₄</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 2H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">O</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Calcite</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CaCO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₃</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Flourie</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CaFe</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apatite</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ca</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₅</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(PO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₄</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₃</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">F</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Orthoklas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kal Si</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₃</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">O</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₈</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kwarsa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SiO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Al</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SiO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₄</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(F OH)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Corundum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Al</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">O</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">₃</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.2pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diamond</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.55pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel
2. Skala Mohs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
sederhana untuk mengukur kekerasan relatif dapat digunakan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Kuku<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
2,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Koin Tembaga<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Pisau Lipat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 5,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Kaca<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
6,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.7.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketransparanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah kemampuan suatu subtansi untuk
dapat tembus atau dilalui oleh cahaya, didalam tidak ada mineral yang
benar-benar tembus oleh cahaya bahkan air yang dianggap sebagai media transparan
paling baik ternyata juga membiasakan cahaya yang masuk kedalamnya. Berdasarkan
sifanya transparan dapat dibagi menjadi empat, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sectile</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apabila dapat dirubah bentuknya dipotong
atau diiris-iris tipis dengan pisau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Gypsum,
Calcorte</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Flexible</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apabila dapat berubah bentuknya dengan
pembengkokan tapi tidak dapat kembali seperti semula jika tekanan dihilangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Talk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Brittle </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apabila pecah jika dipukul maupun jika
dipotong dengan pisau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Kalsit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elastis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apabila dapat dibentuk atau dibengkokkan
akan kembali kebentuk semula, jika gaya yang tadinya diberikan dihilangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Mika</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.8.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketahanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketahan
merupakan sifat suatu mineral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
terhadap gaya pemukulan,tarikan,pengurusan dan pengirisn maupun pemotongan.
Istilah berikut ini dapat dipergunakan untuk itu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyatakan ketahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu mineral ,yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meleable</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila mineral dapat
ditempa dengan suatu dan cara pemukulan palu tanpa mengalami pecahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Emas,tembaga,perak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ductile
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila dapat dirubah
bentuknya dengan suatu penekan,khususnya menjadi bentuk suatu itu menyerupai
kawat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :
Native,metals,emas perak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sectile </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila dipukul pecah
dan dapat dipotong atau diiris tipis-tipis dengan pisau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :
Gypsum,Calcopirit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fleksible
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila dapat dirubah
bentuknya dengan cara pembengkokan tetapi tidak kembali sama kbentuk semula
jika tekanan dihilangkan .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Talk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Brittle
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila pecah atau
dipukul maupun dipotong,dengan pisau .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Calsite</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elastis
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila dapat dibentuk atau
dibengkokkan,akan kembali kebentuk semula jika gaya yang tadinya diberi
dihilangkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.9.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemagnetan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
mineral sebenarnya dipengaruhi oleh medan magnet bumi . Berdasarkan pengaruh
medan magnet tersebut sifat mineral dibedakan menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Feromagnetik
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mineral yang
terpengaruh oleh medan magnet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faramagnetik
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mineral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tidak semua terpengaruh medan magnet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diamagnetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mineral yang menolak medan magnet (Non
Logam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat jenis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
angka yang menyatakan berapa kali berat suatu benda jika dibandingkan dengan
berat air yang volume bendanya sama dengan volume benda itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat
jenis tidak memiliki satuan dan dapat ditentukan dengan beberapa metode.Cara
menentukan berat jenis dengan metode juga, suspensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambil
sampel mineralnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukkan
sampel dalam cairan berat yang telah diketahui berat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usahakan
agar sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melayang dalam salah satu
cairan berat tersebut, encerkan dahulu larutan tersebut .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan
berat jenis minera dengan cara bahwa sampel yang melayang ,itu mempunyai berat
jenis yang sama dengan juga larutannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan
berat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk sebagai bahan pembanding untuk
menentukan berat jenis mineral, antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Brotoform
(CH - Br</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">₃</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>G
= 2,9</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Acitylena
tetra bromida<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>G = 2,96</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Methylenalolida
(CH</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> I</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">₂</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>G =3,33</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
Clarici<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>G =
4,2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenceran
menggunakan aceton, untuk nomor 1, 2, 3, dan 4 menggunakan air. Secara
sederhana berat jenis mineral larut dibagi menjadi empat, yaitu :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat
jenis ringan lebih kecil dari 2,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat jenis sedang 2,5 – 3,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat jenis 3,0 – 6,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat jenis sangat berat lebih dari 6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat
jenis beberapa mineral :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halit<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 2,1 – 2,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwarsa<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 2,56</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corundum<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 4,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sfalerit<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 4,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pyrite<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gypsum<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 1,3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 3,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Galena<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 7,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cinnabar<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 8,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 124.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hematit<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 5,2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.3.11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah
bentuk kenampakan atau perawakan, dari mineral yang tumbuh baik sebagai
individu maupun agregat sebagai penolong pengenal dari mineral :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawakan
mineral tersendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Capillary dan Filliform <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merambut juga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 297.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>membenang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Acicular <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Menjarum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bladed<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Melebar, Panjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tabular<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Memapan, Pipih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lamnular<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Memapan, Berlapis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Foliated<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mendaun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Micaceous<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memika</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plumose<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Membulu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stout/Stubby<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mondok dan gemuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bloky<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Membata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Banded<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Memita</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Columnar<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Meniang gemuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perawakan mineral berkelompok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt 120.5pt 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bladed<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Membilah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Banded<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Memita</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 106.35pt 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Columnar<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meniang </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fibrous<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Menyerat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Reticulated<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Menjaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Divergent<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menyebrang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Stellated<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Membintang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dendritik<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mendaun Halus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Colloform<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Membulat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perawakan mineral membulat dipermukaan, atau besarnya bulat-bulat :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reniform<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mengginjal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mamilary<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bulat besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Globular<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Membola</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Granular<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Membutir</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt 248.1pt 9.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pisolitik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Membutir serupa </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 134.7pt 8.0cm 9.0cm 297.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Kacang
tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amiqdaloidal<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menggumpal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Massive<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kompak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Collite<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bola kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 127.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Concetris<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Berlapis-lapis</span></div>
</div>
kang mujeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12113643519074039876noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9138933675380142758.post-79413031085842317302013-04-07T02:40:00.001-07:002013-04-07T02:40:27.131-07:00KRISMIN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bumi Indonesia memiliki potensi sumber
daya alam yang cukup tinggi, hal ini disebabkan karena bentuk tubuh dari bumi
Indonesia khususnya litosfernya tersusun dari kristal dan mineral juga batuan
yang dapat dimanfaatkan dan memiliki nilai-nilai ekonomis yang tinggi. Oleh
sebab itu kita perlu mengenal dan mempelajari lebih dalam lagi tentang kristal
dan mineral baik melalui teori ataupun dengan melakukan praktikum tentang
kristal dan mineral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam pelaksanaan praktikum
kristalografi dan mineralogi ini ada yang melatar belakanginya yaitu mata
kuliah yang disebut kristalografi dan mineralogi yang disampaikan secara teori
oleh dosen mata kuliah kristalografi dan mineralogi. Teori-teori yang didapat
akan mudah dimengerti apabila dilakukan suatu kegiatan praktikum, dengan
dilaksanakannya praktikum diharapkan kita dapat memahami suatu kristal dan
mineral dengan jelas sebagai penunjang mata kuliah kristalografi dan mineralogi
serta untuk memudahkan teori-teori yang diberikan pada mata kuliah
kristalografi dan mineralogi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan mengingat pentingnya diadakan
praktikum ini, maka ketua jurusan menyetujui diadakannya pelaksanaan tersebut
dan seluruh mahasiswa (i) jurusan Teknik Pertambangan semester 1 wajib mengikutinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral adalah senyawa alami yang
terbentuk melalui proses </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">geologis</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 2.25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Istilah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mineral termasuk tidak hanya
bahan</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komposisi_kimia" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komposisi kimia</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tetapi juga </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_mineral" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">struktur mineral</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Mineral juga dapat<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">diartikan sebagai bahan padat anorganik yang
terdapat secara alamiah, yang terdiri dari</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">unsur-unsur kimiawi dalam perbandingan tertentu, dimana atom-atom di
dalamnya</span>tersusun mengikuti suatu pola yang sistematis.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">Mineral dapat kita jumpai dimana-mana disekitar
kita, dapat berwujud sebagai</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> batuan,
tanah, atau pasir yang diendapkan pada dasar sungai. Mineral, kecuali beberapa jenis,
memiliki sifat, bentuk tertentu dalam keadaan padatnya, sebagai perwujudan dari</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">susunan yang teratur didalamnya. Apabila
kondisinya memungkinkan, mereka akan</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">dibatasi
oleh bidang-bidang rata, dan diasumsikan sebagai bentuk-bentuk yang
teratur </span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.0pt;">yang dikenal sebagai
“kristal”. Dengan demikian, kristal secara umum dapat</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">didefinisikan sebagai bahan padat yang homogen
yang memiliki pola internal susunan</span>tiga dimensi yang teratur. Studi yang
khusus mempelajari sifat-sifat, bentuk susunan dancara-cara terjadinya bahan
padat tersebut dinamakan kristalografi.<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Pengetahuan
tentang “mineral” merupakan syarat mutlak untuk dapat mempelajari</span> bagian
yang padat dari Bumi ini, yang terdiri dari batuan.Untuk mempelajari
strukruktur batuan sebaiknya harus mengenal lebih dahulu kristal<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">dan mineral pembentuk batuan tersebut, oleh kerena
beberapa hal penting di atas maka</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> praktikum
kristalografi dan mineralogi dilakukan unutuk mengenal lebih jauh atau</span>memperdalam
ilmu pengetahuan mengenai kristal, sistem kristal, penentuan kelas simetri,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> bidang simetri, dan mengenal sistem kristal
dan perawakan kristal pada mineral.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kristalografi adalah suatu disiplin ilmu dalam bidang
geologi,kimia dan fisika yang mempelajari bentuk dari Kristal dan bagaimana
dilakukan cara penggambarannya.Kristal didefinisikan sebagai benda padat
homogeny yang dibatasi oleh bidang muka yang licin (tidak kasar)sebabai
ekspresi dari bangun dalam (Internal Struktur) ion, atom atau molekul berbentuk
polyhedral yang teratur.Secara alamiah Kristal terbentuk karena atom dan ion
maupun molekul bebas, pada proporsi yang tepat berkumpul untuk membentuk
Kristal, dimana selama proses pembentukannya ( Proses Kristalisasi), Kristal
mempunyai kecenderungan mengikuti rongga dibawah permukaan bumi sehingga
alamiah Kristal sangat jarang ditemui dipermukaan magma atau rekkristalisasi
dan dalm keadaan padat. Bahan pembentuk Kristal dapat berupa pelarutan air,
hidrotermal dan dalam larutan yang menghasilkan pada pembekuan magma atau pada
rekkristalisasi dan dalam keadaan padat. Perawakan Kristal terbentuk sebagai
adanya kejadian atau proses geologi : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Proses eksogenik, yaitu
proses rekristalisasi yang dipengaruhi oleh gaya-gaya asal luar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Prose endogenik, yaitu
prose dimana Kristal berasal dari kristalisasi magma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Prose tektonik lampung, merupakan
proses dari suatu mineralisasi dan berasosiasi dengan jalur magmatic dan zona
pelapukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Adapun cirri-ciri yang khas
dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kristal adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bersifat padat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mempunyai kekerasan
tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menunjukan sifat
kelistrikan dan kemagnetan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mempunyai ikatan kimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mempunyaistruktur dalam
dasar teori</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi dasar pembentuk Bumi ini adalah batuan, dimana
batuan sendiri adalah kumpulan dari mineral, dan mineral terbentuk dari
kristal-kristal. Jadi intinya, untuk dapat mempelajari ilmu Geologi, kita harus
menguasai ilmu tentang kristal. Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang bentuk-bentuk,
gambar-gambar dari kristal disebut Kristalografi. Dalam studi Geologi, kita
tentunya harus terlebih dahulu menguasai tentang kristal sebelum mempelajari
tingkat selanjutnya dalam ilmu Geologi. Karena itu kristal adalah syarat untuk
dapat mempelajari Geologi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
studi Geologi yang mempelajari keseluruhan hal-hal tentang Bumi mulai dari
pembentukkan, komposisi, sifat-sifat fisik, struktur, hingga gejala-gejala yang
terjadi didalamnya, kita tentu saja harus mempelajari dasar-dasar tentang Bumi
dan juga pembagian-pembagiannya secara khusus nantinya. Dan pada tahap pertama
yang harus dipelajari adalah apa sajakah sebenarnya materi-materi pembentuk
Bumi kita ini. Setelah itu barulah kita dapat mempelajari materi pada
tingkat-tingkat selanjutnya yang ada dalam ruang lingkup studi Teknik Geologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
materi yang telah kita pelajari sebelumnya, yaitu materi Kristalografi, telah
dijelaskan urutan materi pembentuk Bumi ini. Dari yang terkecil yaitu kristal,
mineral dan kemudian adalah batuan. Dan yang akan lita pelajari selanjutnya
adalah tentang mineral. Dalam mempelajari semua hal tentang mineral, mulai dari
sifat-sifat fisiknya hingga keterdapatannya pada batuan dinamakan dengan
Mineralogi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
tahap ini kita akan belajar tentang semua hal yang berkaitan dengan mineral.
Dalam studi Geologi, ini sangat penting, karena mineral adalah salah satu
satuan dasar pembentuk Bumi ini. Dan dengan bekal ilmu Kristalografi yang telah
dipelajari sebelumnya, kita akan dapat mengenal mineral-mineral apa sajakah
yang terdapat di Bumi, bagaimana keterdapatannya, hingga akhirnya juga dapat
mengetahui manfaat dari mineral itu sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan demikian kegiatan praktikum kali ini memiliki
kegunaan bagi praktikan untuk mengenal ilmu kristalografi dan mineralogy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Dasar Teori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kristalografi merupakan suatu disiplin ilmu yang
mempelajari bentuk fisik kristal dan cara bagaimana penggambarannya, istilah
kristal berasal dari bahasa Yunani dan beberapa ahli berpendapat bahwa baik
berupa asumsi atau pendapat maupun hasil dari penelitian serta berbagai
percobaan maupun analisa baik dari bentuk ataupun struktur kristal tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kristal didefinisikan sebagai benda
padat homogen dan memiliki batas bidang-bidang muka tertentu dimana keteraturan
dari bidang-bidang tersebut merupakan ekspresi dari bentuk bangun dalam
(internal structure) suatu ion, atom, dan molekul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapun pendapat dari para ahli yang
mengemukakan suatu kristal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> baik berdasarkan asumsi maupun dari penelitian dan
juga percobaan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">diantaranya
adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Pliny adalah orang yang pertama kali
mempublikasikan kristal dalam bukunya yang berjudul Natural History.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Nicholas Steno (1639-1686), berdasarkan hasil tes
dan percobaannya dengan kristal kuarsa, maka keluar dalil yang berbunyi sama
lebih dikenal dengan ketetapan suatu sudut kristal kristal atau ( The Law
Contancy Of Interpasial Angeles ) yang menyatakan bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Sudut antara dua bidang kristal dalam suatu
individu kristal yang tetap atau konstan walaupun bidang-bidang kristalnya
bergeser tempat karena pertumbuhan kristal itu sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Sudut antara dua bidang kristal sama besarnya
dengan sudut yang bersamaan pada individu lainnya setiap jenis mineral yang
sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Gugliemini (1655-1750), menganalisa struktur
kristal berdasarkan pada adanya ketetapan arah belahan pada kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Hauy (1743-1822), mempublikasikan teorinya
tentang struktur kristal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> disebutkan dengan “ Traite De Mineralogy “ yang
dikenal dengan atau disebut dengan hokum Hauy yang diantaranya itu sumbu refensi
dimana dapat diketahui sumbu dan posisi dari bidang muka Kristal dapat juga
ditentukan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Roma De Isle (1736)
adalah orang yang pertama kali melakukan pengukuran sudut Kristal dengan
menggunakan alat Geniometer kontak.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Johanes Kepler (1661)
menyatakan ketentuan bentuk Kristal yang berdasarkan pada ketetapan arah dari
belahan Kristal.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Brafis (1849)
memperkenalkan 14 ruang dan sisi Kristal yang diantaranya adalah:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">- Triklinik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">- Monoklinik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">- Orthorombik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">- Cubic</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Kristal</b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata “kristal” berasal dari bahasa Yunani <i>crystallon</i> yang
berarti tetesan yang dingin atau beku. Menurut pengertian kompilasi yang
diambil untuk menyeragamkan pendapat para ahli, maka <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kristal adalah bahan padat homogen, biasanya
anisotrop dan tembus cahaya serta mengikuti hukum-hukum ilmu pasti sehingga
susunan bidang-bidangnya memenuhi hukum geometri; Jumlah dan kedudukan bidang
kristalnya selalu tertentu dan teratur<i>.</i></span>Kristal-kristal tersebut
selalu dibatasi oleh beberapa bidang datar yang jumlah dan kedudukannya
tertentu. Keteraturannya tercermin dalam permukaan kristal yang berupa
bidang-bidang datar dan rata yang mengikuti pola-pola tertentu. Bidang-bidang
ini disebut sebagai bidang muka kristal. Sudut antara bidang-bidang muka
kristal yang saling berpotongan besarnya selalu tetap pada suatu kristal.
Bidang muka itu baik letak maupun arahnya ditentukan oleh perpotongannya dengan
sumbu-sumbu kristal. Dalam sebuah kristal, sumbu kristal berupa garis bayangan
yang lurus yang menembus kristal melalui pusat kristal. Sumbu kristal tersebut
mempunyai satuan panjang yang disebut sebagai parameter.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila ditinjau dan telaah lebih dalam mengenai pengertian
kristal, mengandung pengertian sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Bahan padat
homogen, biasanya anisotrop dan tembus cahaya :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak termasuk didalamnya cair dan gas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak dapat diuraikan kesenyawa lain
yang lebih sederhana oleh proses fisika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuknya oleh proses alam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Mengikuti hukum-hukum ilmu pasti
sehingga susunan bidang-bidangnya mengikuti hukum geometri :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jumlah bidang suatu kristal selalu
tetap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">macam atau model bentuk dari suatu
bidang kristal selalu tetap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sifat keteraturannya tercermin pada
bentuk luar dari kristal yang tetap.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila unsur penyusunnya tersusun secara tidak teratur
dan tidak mengikuti hukum-hukum diatas, atau susunan kimianya teratur tetapi
tidak dibentuk oleh proses alam (dibentuk secara laboratorium), maka zat atau
bahan tersebut bukan disebut sebagai kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kristal adalah suatu </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">padatan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
yang </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atom</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">molekul</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">,
atau </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ion</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
penyusunnya terkemas secara teratur dan polanya berulang melebar secara tiga
dimensi.Secara umum, zat </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cair" title="Cair"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cair</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> membentuk kristal ketika
mengalami proses pemadatan. Pada kondisi ideal, hasilnya bisa berupa kristal
tunggal, yang semua atom-atom dalam padatannya “terpasang” pada </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kisi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kisi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
atau </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">struktur kristal</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
yang sama, tapi, secara umum, kebanyakan kristal terbentuk secara simultan
sehingga menghasilkan padatan polikristalin. Misalnya, kebanyakan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">logam</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
yang kita temui sehari-hari merupakan polikristal.Struktur kristal mana yang
akan terbentuk dari suatu cairan tergantung pada </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kimia</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> cairannya sendiri, kondisi
ketika terjadi pemadatan, dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan" title="Tekanan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tekanan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
ambien. Proses terbentuknya struktur kristalin dikenal sebagai kristalisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kristal juga dapat
didefinisikan sebagai bahan padat homogen, biasanya anisotrop dan tembus
air serta menuruti hukum-hukum ilmu pasti, sehingga susunan bidang-bidangnya
mengikuti hukum geometri, jumlah dan kedudukan dari bidangnya tertentu dan
teratur. Keteraturannya tercermin dalam permukaan kristal yang berupa
bidang-bidang datar dan rata yang mengikuti pola-pola tertentu. Bidang-bidang
datar ini disebut sebagai bidang muka kristal. Sudut antara bidang-bidang muka
kristal yang saling berpotongan besarnya selalu tetap pada suatu kristal.
Bidang muka kristal itu baik letak maupun arahnya ditentukan oleh
perpotongannya dengan sumbu-sumbu kristal. Dalam sebuah kristal, sumbu kristal
berupa garis bayangan yang lurus yang menembus kristal melalui pusat kristal.
Sumbu kristal tersebut mempunyai satuan panjang yang disebut sebagai parameter.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Pembentukan Kristal</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kristal ada beberapa proses atau tahapan dalam
pembentukan kristal. Proses yang di alami oleh suatu kristal akan mempengaruhi
sifat-sifat dari kristal tersebut. Proses ini juga bergantung pada bahan dasar
serta kondisi lingkungan tempat dimana kristal tersebut terbentuk.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut ini adalah fase-fase pembentukan kristal yang
umumnya terjadi pada pembentukan kristal :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase cair ke padat : kristalisasi suatu
lelehan atau cairan sering terjadi pada skala luas dibawah kondisi alam maupun
industri. Pada fase ini cairan atau lelehan dasar pembentuk kristal akan
membeku atau memadat dan membentuk kristal.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biasanya dipengaruhi oleh perubahan
suhu lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase gas ke padat (sublimasi) : kristal
dibentuk langsung dari uap tanpa melalui fase cair. Bentuk kristal biasanya
berukuran kecil dan kadang-kadang berbentuk rangka (skeletal form). Pada fase
ini, kristal yang terbentuk adalah hasil sublimasi gas-gas yang memadat karena
perubahan lingkungan. Umumnya gas-gas tersebut adalah hasil dari aktifitas
vulkanis atau dari gunung api dan membeku karena perubahan temperature.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase padat ke padat : proses ini dapat
terjadi pada agregat kristal dibawah pengaruh tekanan dan temperatur
(deformasi). Yang berubah adalah struktur kristalnya, sedangkan susunan u<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>nsur kimia tetap (rekristalisasi). Fase ini
hanya mengubah kristal yang sudah terbentuk sebelumnya karena terkena tekanan
dan temperatur yang berubah secara signifikan. Sehingga kristal tersebut akan
berubah bentuk dan unsur-unsur fisiknya. Namun, komposisi dan unsur kimianya
tidak berubah karena tidak adanya faktor lain yang terlibat kecuali tekanan dan
temperatur.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Kristalografi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam mempelajari dan mengenal bentuk kristal secara
mendetail, perlu diadakan pengelompokkan yang sistematis. Pengelompokkan itu
didasarkan pada perbangdingan panjang, letak (posisi) dan jumlah serta nilai
sumbu tegaknya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk kristal dibedakan berdasarkan sifat-sifat
simetrinya (bidang simetri dan sumbu simetri) dibagi menjadi tujuh sistem,
yaitu : Isometrik, Tetragonal, Hexagonal, Trigonal, Orthorhombik, Monoklin dan
Triklin.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari tujuh sistem kristal dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 32
kelas kristal. Pengelompokkan ini berdasarkan pada jumlah unsur simetri yang
dimiliki oleh kristal tersebut. Sistem Isometrik terdiri dari lima kelas,
sistem Tetragonal mempunyai tujuh kelas, sistem Orthorhombik memiliki tiga
kelas, Hexagonal tujuh kelas dan Trigonal lima kelas. Selanjutnya Monoklin
mempunyai tiga kelas dan Triklin dua kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 1.1 Tujuh
Sistem Kristal</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 33.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 40.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
Kristal</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Axial
Ratio</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sudut
Kristalografi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 6.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isometrik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
= b = c</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 6.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">α
= β = γ = 90˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetragonal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
= b ≠ c</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">α
= β = γ = 90˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 32.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 32.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hexagonal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
= b = d ≠ c</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 32.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">α
= β = 90˚ ; γ = 120˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trigonal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
= b = d ≠ c</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">α
= β = 90˚ ; γ = 120˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orthorhombik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
≠ b ≠ c</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">α
= β = γ = 90˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monoklin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
≠ b ≠ c</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">α
= β = 90˚ ≠ γ</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 2.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.85pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 2.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Triklin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 2.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.85pt;" valign="top" width="121">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
≠ b ≠ c</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 2.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="top" width="155">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">α
≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumbu, Sudut dan Bidang Simetri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumbu
simetri adalah garis bayangan yang dibuat menembus pusat kristal, dan bila
kristal diputar dengan poros sumbu tersebut sejauh satu putaran penuh akan
didapatkan beberapa kali kenampakan yang sama. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumbu simetri
dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu : gire, giroide, dan sumbu inversi putar.Sudut
simetri adalah sudut antar sumbu-sumbu yang berada dalam sebuah kristal.
Sudut-sudut ini berpangkal (dimulai) pada titik persilangan sumbu-sumbu utama
pada kristal yang akan sangat berpengaruh pada bentuk dari kristal itu sendiri.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang simetri adalah bidang bayangan yang dapat membelah
kristal menjadi dua bagian yang sama, dimana bagian yang satu merupakan
pencerminan (refleksi) dari bagian yang lainnya. Bidang simetri ini dapat
dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu bidang simetri aksial dan bidang simetri menengah.
Bidang simetri aksial bila bidang tersebut membagi kristal melalui dua sumbu
utama (sumbu kristal).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proyeksi Orthogonal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proyeksi orthogonal adalah salah satu metode proyeksi
yang digunakan untuk mempermudah penggambaran. Proyeksi orthogonal ini dapat
diaplikasikan hamper pada semua penggambaran yang berdasarkan hukum-hukum
geometri. Contohnya pada bidang penggambaran teknik, arsitektur, dan juga
kristalografi. Pada proyeksi orthogonal, cara penggambaran adalah dengan
menggambarkan atau membuat persilangan sumbu. Yaitu dengan menggambar sumbu
a,b,c dan seterusnya dengan menggunakan sudut-sudut persilangan atau
perpotongan tertentu. Dan pada akhirnya akan membentuk gambar tiga dimensi dari
garis-garis sumbu tersebut dan membentuk bidang-bidang muka kristal.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada praktikum kristalografi yang dilakukan di
laboratorium Kristalografi dan Mineralogi jurusan Teknik Geologi, Institut
Teknologi Medan. Penggambaran kristal menggunakan proyeksi penggambaran
orthogonal ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 1.2
Penggambaran Tujuh Sistem Kristal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 532px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
Kristal</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbandingan
Sumbu</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.85pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sudut
Antar Sumbu</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isometrik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
: b : c = 1 : 3 : 3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.85pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a+^bˉ
= 30˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetragonal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
: b : c = 1 : 3 : 6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.85pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a+^bˉ
= 30˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hexagonal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
: b : c = 1 : 3 : 6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.85pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a+^bˉ
= 20˚ ; dˉ^b+= 40˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trigonal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
: b : c = 1 : 3 : 6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.85pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a+^bˉ
= 20˚ ; dˉ^b+= 40˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orthorhombik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
: b : c = sembarang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.85pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a+^bˉ
= 30˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monoklin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
: b : c = sembarang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.85pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a+^bˉ
= 45˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Triklin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
: b : c = sembarang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.85pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a+^bˉ
= 45˚ ; bˉ^c+= 80˚</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aplikasi Kristalografi Pada Bidang
Geologi</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bidang Geologi, mempelajari kristalografi sangatlah
penting. Karena untuk mempelajari ilmu Geologi, kite tentunya juga harus
mengetahui komposisi dasar dari Bumi ini, yaitu batuan. Dan batuan sendiri
terbentuk dari susunan mineral-mineral yang tebentuk oleh proses alam. Dan pada
bagian sebelumnya telah dijelaskan tentang pengertian mineral yang dibentuk
kristal-kristal.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan mempelajari kristalografi, kita juga dapat
mengetahui berbagai macam bahan-bahan dasar pembentuk Bumi ini, dari yang ada
disekitar kita hingga jauh didasar Bumi. Ilmu kristalografi juga dapat
digunakan untuk mempelajari sifat-sifat berbagai macam mineral yang paling
dicari oleh manusia. Dengan alasan untuk digunakan sebagai perhiasan karena
nilai estetikanya maupun nilai guna dari mineral itu sendiri. Jadi, pada
dasarnya, kristalografi digunakan sebagai dasar untuk mempelajari ilmu Geologi
itu sendiri. Dengan alasan utama kristal adalah sebagai pembentuk Bumi yang
akan dipelajari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aplikasi
Mineral Pada Bidang Geologi.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mineralogi
adalah suatu ilmu pengetahuan, yaitu cabang dari ilmu geologi yang mempelajari
tentang sifat dan ciri mineral-mineral pembentuk batuan yang terdapat didalam
bumi dan manfaatnya bagi kehidupan manusia serta dampak yang dapat terjadi
terhadap sifat dan ciri tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Sifat-sifat fisik suatu mineral sangat dibutuhkan
dalam pengenalan mineral secara megaskopis, yaitu mengenal dan mendeterminasi
mineral tanpa adanya penggunaan mikroskop. Dengan cara seperti ini seseorang
bisa mendeterminasi sekitar ratusan mineral. Dari berbagai macam sifat fisik
mineral tersebut telah dibuktikan kegunaan dan manfaatnya. Kemajuan litbang
dalam iptek penggunaan dan pemanfaatan mineral yang saat ini masih berlangsung
khususnya pada sifat-sifat fisik yang dimiliki mineral, dapat dilihat dari semakin
banyaknya pengunaan berbagai macam atau jenis mineral didalam segala aspek
kehidupan sehari-hari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Pengertian
mineral.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral adalah senyawa alami yang
terbentuk melalui proses </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">geologis</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Istilah <i>mineral</i> adalah suatu
zat yang terdapat dalam alam dengan komposisi kimia yang khas dan biasanya
mempunyai struktur kristal yang jelas, yang kadang-kadang dapat menjelma dalam
bentuk geometris tertentu. Istilah mineral dapat mempunyai bermacam-macam
makna; sukar untuk mendefinisikan mineral dan oleh karena itu kebanyakan orang
mengatakan, bahwa mineral ialah satu frase yang terdapat dalam alam.
Sebagaimana kita ketahui ada mineral yang berbentuk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lempeng</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kubus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral juga dapat diartikan sebagai
bahan padat anorganik yang terdapat secara alamiah, yang terdiri dari
unsur-unsur kimiawi dalam perbandingan tertentu, dimana atom-atom di dalamnya
tersusun mengikuti suatu pola yang sistematis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral dapat berwujud sebagai
batuan, tanah, atau pasir yang diendapkan pada dasar sungai. Mineral, kecuali
beberapa jenis, memiliki sifat, bentuk tertentu dalam keadaan padatnya, sebagai
perwujudan dari susunan yang teratur didalamnya. Apabila kondisinya
memungkinkan, mereka akan dibatasi oleh bidang-bidang rata, dan diasumsikan
sebagai bentuk-bentuk yang teratur yang dikenal sebagai “kristal”. Dengan
demikian, kristal secara umum dapat didefinisikan sebagai bahan padat yang
homogen yang memiliki pola internal susunan tiga dimensi yang teratur.
Studi yang khusus mempelajari sifat-sifat, bentuk susunan dan cara-cara
terjadinya bahan padat tersebut dinamakan kristalografi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
mendefinisikan mineral, hingga saat ini masih belum didapatkan kepastian untuk
menerangkan pengertian dari mineral tersebut. Karena memang belum didapatkan
kesamaan pendapat oleh para ahli tentang hal ini. Namun pada umumnya dikenal
dua defenisi mineral, defenisi klasik yang disimpulkan sebelum tahun 1977 dan
defenisi kompilasi yang disimpulkan setelah tahun 1977.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
defenisi klasik, mineral adalah suatu benda padat anorganik yang terbentuk
secara alami, bersifat homogen, yang mempunyai bentuk kristal dan rumus kimia
yang tetap. Dan menurut defenisi kompilasi, mineral adalah suatu zat yang
terdapat dialam dengan komposisi kimia yang khas, bersifat homogen, memiliki
sifat-sifat fisik dan umumnya berbentuk kristalin yang mempunyai bentuk
geometris tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal
yang membedakan kedua defenisi tersebut adalah pada defenisi klasik, yang
termasuk mineral hanyalah benda atau zat padat saja. Dan pada defenisi
kompilasi, mineral mempunyai ruang limgkup yang lebih luas karena mencakup
semua zat yang ada dialam yang memenuhi syarat-syarat dalam pengertian
tersebut. Hal ini salah satunya disebabkan karena ada beberapa bahan yang
terbentuk karena penguraian atau perubahan sia-sisa tumbuhan dan hewan secara
alamiah juga digolongkan kedalam mineral, seperti batubara, minyak bumi dan
tanah diatome. Mineral termasuk dalam komposisi unsur murni dan garam-garam
sederhana sampai silikat yang sangat kompleks dengan ribuan bentuk yang
diketahui (senyawaan organik biasanya tidak termasuk).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineralogi
adalah ilmu yang mempelajari segala sesuatu tentang mineral. Mulai dari
pembagian atau penggolongan mineral, pengenalan sifat-sifat mineral, pendeskripsian
mineral dan semua hal yang berkaitan dengan mineral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mempelajari tentang mineral, tentu harus terlebih dahulu mengetahui sifat-sifat
yang ada pada mineral tersebut. Ada beberapa sifat mineral, yaitu sifat fisik
secara teoritis dan sifat fisik secara determinasi (laboratorium). Sifat fisik
secara teori hanya bisa menggambarkan sebagian dari sifat-sifat mineral dan
tidak dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman untuk menentukan atau membedakan
mineral-mineral yang ada, karena hanya terdapat pada sebagian mineral saja.
Adapaun sifat-sifat mineral secara teori tersebut adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suhu Kohesi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat
kohesi mineral adalah kemampuan atau daya tarik-menarik antar atom pada sebuah
mineral. Pada mineral, antar mineral-mineral yang sejenis, akan mempunyai daya
tarik-menarik yang menyebabkan mineral-mineral tersebut cenderung akan
terkumpul dalam suatu jumlah tertentu dalam suatu daerah. Hal ini disebabkan
oleh susunan atom-atom atau komposisi kimia dalam mineral yang tetap. Daya
tarik-menarik ini juga dapat dipengaruhi oleh suhu. Suhu yang mempengaruhi daya
tarik-menarik atau kohesi ini disebut suhu kohesi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reaksi Terhadap Cahaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral
cenderung akan bereaksi terhadap cahaya yang dating atau dikenai padanya.
Reaksi ini pada umumnya dapat terlihat oleh mata kita. Namun, sifat ini tidak
dapat dijadikan penentu untuk membedakan mineral. Karena kecenderungan
timbulnya reaksi yang sama pada mineral-minera bila terkena cahaya.
Reaksi-reaksi yang terjadi pada mineral akan menimbulkan atau menampakkan sifat
fisik mineral secara determinasi seperti warna, gores, kilap, transparansi dan
perputaran warna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perawakan Kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perawakan
kristal pada mineral diartikan sebagai kenampakkan sekelompok mineral yang sama
yang tumbuh secara tidak sempurna karena ada gangguan dari sumber utama mineral
maupun gangguan dari lingkungan tempat terjadinya mineral, sehingga mineral
tidak terbentuk dengan sempurna yang menyebabkan ada perbedaan bentuk dan
ukuran mineral. Kenampakkan tersebut sering disebut sebagai struktur mineral.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat Kelistrikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat
kelistrikan pada mineral adalah kemampuan mineral untuk menerima dan juga
meneruskan aliran listrik yang dikenakan padanya. Pada mineral hanya ada dua
jenis sifat kelistrikan. Yaitu, yang dapat menghantarkan listrik (konduktor)
dan yang tidak dapat menghantarkan listrik (isolator).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sifat Radioaktivitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat
Radioaktivitas mineral tercermin dari unsur-unsur kimia yang ada dalam mineral
tersebut yang unsure-unsur tersebut dapat mengeluarkan sinar-sinar α, β, dan γ.
Ada mineral-mineral unsure-unsur yang dapat bersifat radioaktiv seperti
Uranium(U), Radium(Ra), Thorium(Th), Plumbum(Pb), Vanadium(V) dan Kalium(K).
Biasanya, mineral_mineral yang bersifat radioaktiv dijumpai dalam
mineral-mineral ikutan atau mineral-minera yang terbetas jumlahnya. Kegunaan
dari mineral-mineral radioaktiv adalah dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi
dan dapat juga digunakan untuk mengukur waktu Geologi dengan cara menghitung
waktu paruhnya (half time).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala Emisi Cahaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala
emisi cahaya adalah gejala sumber cahaya yang dihasilkan dalam proses-proses
tertentu. Misalnya, proses radiasi dan keluarnya sinar Ultraviolet. Mineral
Phospor yang pada waktu malam mengeluarkan cahaya adalah contoh emisi cahaya
yang terus-menerus, demikian juga halnya yang terjadi pada mineral Radium(Ra).
Cahaya tersebut merupakan gelombang cahaya yang dikeluarkan oleh mineral,
dimana panjang gelombang cahaya tersebut lebih panjang daripada gelombang
cahaya biasa. Hanya ada beberapa mineral yang dapat menimbulkan emisi cahaya
seperti Phospor, Radium dan Flouride.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bau dan Rasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bau
pada mineral dapat diamati jika bentuk fisik mineral tersebut dapat diubah
menjadi gas. Jenis-jenis bau mineral adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bau Sulforous </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ialah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bau yang seperti bau Sulfur (S).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bau Bituminous adalah bau yang seperti
Ter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bau Argillerous adalah bau seperti
lempung (tanah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti
halnya bau, rasa pada mineral hanya dapat diamati jika bentuk fisik mineral
diubah menjadi cair. Berikut adalah jenis-jenis rasa pada mineral :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasa Saline atau rasa seperti
garam(asin).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasa Alkaline atau rasa seperti
logam atau soda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasa Witter atau rasa pahit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap
mineral yang dapat membesar tanpa gangguan akan memperkembangkan bentuk
kristalnya yang khas, yaitu suatu wajah lahiriah yang dihasilkan struktur
kristalen (bentuk kristal). Ada mineral dalam keadaan <i>Amorf</i>, yang
artinya tak mempunyai bangunan dan susunan kristal sendiri (misalnya kaca &
opal). Tiap-tiap pengkristalan akan makin bagus hasilnya jika berlangsungnya
proses itu makin tenang dan lambat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Pembentukan Mineral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
pembentukan mineral-mineral baik yang memiliki nilai ekonomis, maupun yang
tidak bernilai ekonomis sangat perlu diketahui dan dipelajari mengenai proses
pembentukan, keterdapatan serta pemanfaatan dari mineral-mineral tersebut.
Mineral yang bersifat ekonomis dapat diketahui bagaimana keberadaannya dan
keterdapatannya dengan memperhatikan asosiasi mineralnya yang biasanya tidak
bernilai ekonomis. Dari beberapa proses eksplorasi, penyelidikan, pencarian
endapan mineral, dapat diketahui bahwa keberadaan suatu mineral tidak terlepas
dari beberapa faktor yang sangat berpengaruh, antara lain banyaknya dan
distribusi unsur-unsur kimia, aspek biologis dan fisika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
umum, proses pembentukan mineral, baik jenis logam maupun non-logam dapat
terbentuk karena proses mineralisasi yang diakibatkan oleh aktivitas magma, dan
mineral ekonomis selain karena aktivitas magma, juga dapat dihasilkan dari
proses alterasi, yaitu mineral hasil ubahan dari mineral yang telah ada karena
suatu faktor. Pada proses pembentukan mineral baik secara mineralisasi dan
alterasi tidak terlepas dari faktor-faktor tertentu yang selanjutnya akan
dibahas lebih detail untuk setiap jenis pembentukan mineral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
menurut M. Bateman, maka proses pembentukan mineral dapat dibagi atas beberapa
proses yang menghasilkan jenis mineral tertentu, baik yang bernilai ekonomis
maupun mineral yang hanya bersifat sebagai gangue mineral.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2OlTEVgcue8PBR5qHeV_zVY14SOt1ntG2j7wIWURLlDi_bAzWT9h5kfh6_V9PCQ2NxqNCcwBUc3l3vlj81VaNzeBnXQpUz9BqmepeUmbFy0Ez_zPhPOi6q-OoO8ExzZHUKVUHPG5rBkc/s1600/rockcyc.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">siklus pembentukan batuan dan
mineral</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.8.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses magmatis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
ini sebagian besar berasal dari magma primer yang bersifat ultra basa, lalu
mengalami pendinginan dan pembekuan membentuk mineral-mineral silikat dan
bijih. Pada temperatur tinggi (>600˚C) stadium liquido magmatis mulai
membentuk mineral-mineral, baik logam maupun non-logam. Asosiasi mineral yang
terbentuk sesuai dengan temperatur pendinginan saat itu. Proses magmatis ini
dapat dibagi menjadi dua jenis, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 7.0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Early magmatis</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang terbagi atas:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 219.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disseminated,
contohnya Intan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 219.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segregasi,
contohnya Crhomite</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 219.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Injeksi,
Contohnya Kiruna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 7.0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Late magmatis</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang terbagi atas:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 219.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Residual
liquid segregation, contohnya magmatis Taberg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 219.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Residual
liquid injection, contohnya magmatis Adirondack</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 219.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immiscible
liquid segregation, contohnya sulfide Insizwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 219.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Immiscible
liquid injection, contohnya Vlackfontein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 219.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.8.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
Pegmatisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
proses pembentukan magmatis, larutan sisa magma (larutan pegmatisme) yang terdiri
dari cairan dan gas. Stadium endapan ini berkisar antara 600˚C sampai 450˚C
berupa larutan magma sisa. Asosiasi batuan umumnya Granit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.8.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Pneumatolisis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah
temperatur mulai turun, antara 550-450˚C, akumulasi gas mulai membentuk jebakan
pneumatolisis dan tinggal larutan sisa magma makin encer. Unsur volatile akan
bergerak menerobos batuan beku yang telah ada dan batuan samping disekitarnya,
kemudian akan membentuk mineral baik karena proses sublimasi maupun karena
reaksi unsur volatile tersebut dengan batuan-batuan yang diterobosnya sehingga
terbentuk endapan mineral yang disebut mineral pneumatolitis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.8.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Hydrothermal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan
proses pembentuk mineral yang terjadi oleh pengaruh temperatur dan tekanan yang
sangat rendah, dan larutan magma yang terbentuk sebelumnya. Secara garis besar,
endapan mineral hydrothermal dapat dibagi atas :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 7.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endapan
hipotermal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
ciri-cirinya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan dan temperatur pembekuan relatif tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endapan berupa urat-urat dan korok yang berasosiasi dengan
intrusi dengan kedalaman yang besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asosiasi mineral berupa sulfides, misalnya Pyrite,
Calcopyrite, Galena dan Spalerite serta oksida besi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada intrusi Granit sering berupa endapan logam Au, Pb, Sn,
W dan Z.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 7.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endapan<b>
</b>mesotermal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
ciri-cirinya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan dan temperatur yang berpengaruh lebih rendah
daripada endapan hipotermal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endapannya berasosiasi dengan batuan beku asam-basa dan
dekat dengan permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekstur akibat “cavity filling” jelas terlihat, sekalipun
sering mengalami proses penggantian antara lain berupa “crustification” dan
“banding”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asosiasi mineralnya berupa sulfide, misalnya Au, Cu, Ag, Sb
dan Oksida Sn.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses pengayaan sering terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 7.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endapan<b>
</b>epitermal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
ciri-cirinya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan dan temperatur yang berpengaruh paling rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekstur penggantian tidak luas (jarang terjadi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endapan bisa dekat atau pada permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebanyakan teksturnya berlapis atau berupa (fissure-vein).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur khas yang sering terjadi adalah “cockade
structure”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asosiasi mineral logamnya berupa Au dan Ag dengan mineral
“gangue”-nya berupa Kalsite dan Zeolit disamping Kuarsa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
bentuk-bentuk endapan mineral dapat dijumpai sebagai proses endapan hidrotermal
adalah sebagai Cavity filling. Cavity filling adalah proses mineralisasi berupa
pengisian ruang-ruang bukaan (rongga) dalam batuan yang terdiri atas
mineral-mineral yang diendapkan dari larutan pada bukaan-bukaan batuan, yang
berupa Fissure-vein, Shear-zone deposits, Stockworks, Ladder-vein,
Saddle-reefs, Tension crack filling, Brecia filling (vulkanik, tektonik dan
collapse), Solution cavity filling (caves dan Channels), Gash-vein, Pore-space
filling, Vessiculer fillings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 92.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.8.5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Replacement</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah
prsoses dalam pembentukan endapan-endapan mineral epigenetic yang didominasi
oleh pembentukan endapan-endapan hipotermal, mesotermal dan sangat penting
dalam grup epitermal. Mineral-mineral bijih pada endapan metasomatic kontak
telah dibentuk oleh proses ini, dimana proses ini dikontrol oleh pengayaan
unsur-unsur sulfide dan dominasi pada formasi unsur-unsur endapan mineral lainnya.
Replacement diartikan sebagai proses dari larutan yang sangat penting berupa
pelarutan kapiler dan pengendapan yang terjadi secara serentak dimana terjadi
penggantian suatu mineral atau lebih menjadi mineral-mineral baru yang lain.
Atau dapat juga diartikan bahwa penggantian mineral membutuhkan ion yang tidak
mempunyai ion secara umum dengan zat kimia yang digantikan. Penggantian mineral
yang dibawa dalam larutan dan zat kimia yang dibawa keluar oleh larutan dan
merupakan kontak terbuka yang terbagi atas : Massive, Lode fissure, dan
Disseminated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 120.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.8.6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Sedimenter</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbagi
atas endapan besi, mangan, phosphate, nikel dan lain sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 120.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.8.7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Evaporasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri
dari evaporasi laut, danau dan air tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 120.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.8.8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsentrasi Residu dan Mekanik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri
atas :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsentrasi Residu berupa endapan
residu mangan, besi, bauxite dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsentrasi Mekanik (endapan
placer), berupa sungai, pantai, alluvial dan eolian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses pembentukan Batuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan berbagai macam mineral
di alam akan menghasilkan berbagai jenis batuan tertentu. Proses alamiah
tersebut bias berbeda-beda dan membentuk jenis batuan yang berbeda pula.
Pembekuan magma akan membentuk berbagai jenis batuan beku. Batuan sedimen
terbentuk karena berbagai proses alamiah, seperti proses penghancuran atau
disintegrasi batuan, pelapukan kimia, proses kimiawi dan organis serta proses
penguapan atau evaporasi. Letusan gunung api sendiri dapat menghasilkan batuan
pirokasit. Batuan metaforf terbentuk dari berbagai jenis batuan yang telah
terbentuk lebih dahulu kemudian mengalami peningkatan temperature atau tekanan
yang cukup tinggi,namun peningkatan temperature itu sendiri maksimal dibawah
temperature magma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral-mineral
pembentuk batuan dapat dibedakan atas :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Felsic
mineral</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
tersusun dari mineral-mineral yang berwarna terang dan cerah serta mempunyai
berat jenis kecil atau ringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : Quartz, Feldspar dan
Feldspatoid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Mafic
mineral</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
tersusun dari mineral-mineral yang berwarna gelap dan mempunyai berat jenis
besar atau berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : Olivin, Amphibole dan Piroksin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; tab-stops: 70.9pt 78.0pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.9.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Felsic Mineral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral felsik adalah adalah mineral
primer atau mineral utama pembentuk batuan beku, berwarna cerah atau terang,
tersusun oleh unsur-unsur Al, Ca, K, dan Na. Mineral felsik dibagi menjadi
tiga, yaitu felspar, felspatoid (foid) dan kuarsa. Di dalam batuan, apabila
mineral foid ada maka kuarsa tidak muncul dan sebaliknya. Selanjutnya, felspar
dibagi lagi menjadi alkali felspar dan plagioklas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. Quartz
(Kuarsa)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral
kuarsa memiliki sistem kristal hexagonal (prisma, bipyramid dan kombinasinya.
Rumus kimia tau komposisi kimia dari kuarsa adalah SiO2. berat jenis dari
mineral ini adalah 2,65 dengan tingkat kekerasan (H) bernilai 7. Warna pada
kuarsa dapat jernih atau keruh bila terdapat bersama feldspar, sering terdapat
inklusi dari gas, cairan atau mineral pengotor didalamnya, yang merupakan unsur
pengotor dan sangat mempengaruhi warna pada kuarsa, sehingga dari warna yang
ditunjukkan dapat diperkirakan kemurnian kuarsa tersebut. Tidak terdapat
belahan pada kuarsa. Dan kuarsa juga banyak digunakan dalam industri, khususnya
yang berkaitan dengan gelas (kaca).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuarsa atau kadang disebut “silika”. Adalah satu-satunya mineral
pembentuk batuan yang terdiri dari persenyawaan silikon dan oksigen. Umumnya
muncul dengan warna seperti asap atau “smooky”, disebut juga “smooky quartz”.
Kadang-kadang juga dengan warna ungu atau merah-lembayung (violet). Nama kuarsa
yang demikian disebut “amethyst”, merah massip atau merah-muda, kuning hingga
coklat. Warna yang bermacam-macam ini disebabkan karena adanya unsur-unsur lain
yang tidak bersih.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. Feldspar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Feldspar
dapat digolongkan kedalam dua golongan besar, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alkali
feldspar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
yang terdiri dari orthoklas, mikroklin, sanidine, anorthoklas,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pertite, dan antipertite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 127.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plagioklas
feldspar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
yang terdiri dari albite, oligoklas, andesine, labradorit,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bytownite dan anorthite (calsic).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
praktikum yang dilakukan dengan cara megaskopis (tanpa alat bantu), feldspar
ini hanya dapat dibedakan menjadi Alkali feldspar (dominasi Orthoklas) dan
Plagioklas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orthoclase (Potassium feldspar)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orthoklas
adalah anggota dari mineral feldspar. Orthoklas (Potassium feldspars) adalah
mineral silicate yang mengandung unsur Kalium dan bentuk kristalnya prismatik,
umumnya berwarna merah daging hingga putih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus
kimia atau komposisi kimia Orthoklas ini adalah KaISi3O8. Berat jenis mineral
ini adalah 2,6 dengan kekerasan 6. Sistem kristalnya adalah monoklin, mempunyai
kilap kaca, dan perawakan yang membutir. Orthoklas ini digunakan sebagai bahan
baku dalam industri keramik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plagioklas feldspar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral
Plagioclase adalah anggota dari kelompok mineral feldspar. Mineral ini
mengandung unsur Calsium atau Natrium. Kristal feldspar berbentuk prismatik,
umumnya berwarna putih hingga abu-abu, kilap gelas. Plagioklas yang mengandung
Natrium dikenal dengan mineral Albite, sedangkan yang mengandung Ca disebut
An-orthite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
kristal dari plagioklas ini adalah triklin dengan berat jenis 2,26-2,76.
plagioklas ini mempunyai nilai kekerasan 6 dan mempunyai belahan berbentuk
kembaran. Komposisi kimia dari mineral ini adalah NaCaAl2Si3O8.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.
Feldspatoid</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral
feldspatoiid ini juga disebut sebagai pengganti feldspar, dikarenakan mineral
ini terbentuk bila dalam sebuah batuan tidak cukup terdapat SiO2. Bila dalam
suatu batuan terdapat SiO2 (kuarsa) bebas, maka yang akan terbentuk adalah
feldspar dan tidak akan terbentuk feldspatoid. Mineral-mineral yang termasuk
feldspatoid adalah nepheline, leusite, sodalite, scapolite, carcrinite dan
analcite. Namun yang umunya dapat ditemukan hanyalah nepheline dan leucite.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nepheline (KNaAl2Si2O4)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nepheline
adalah sebuah mineral yang termasuk dalam sistem kristal hexagonal, walaupun
bentuknya jarang dijumpai, umumnya massif dan fine grain. Warna dari mineral
ini adalah putih kekuningan sampai abu-abu kemerahan. Nilai kekerasan nepheline
adalah 5,5 sampai dengan 6 dengan berat jenis (SG) 2,55 sampai 2,65. Kilap pada
nepheline adalah kilap kaca, namun ada juga yang memiliki kilap minyak. Belahan
permukaannya berbentuk prisma yang terdapat dalam kristal-kristal besar.
Nepheline sering ditemukan dalam bentuk “dike” pada batuan beku.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leucite (KaISi2O8)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral leucite termasuk dalam
system isometric dalam bentuk umumnya adalah trapezohedron. Leucite ini
memiliki bentuk kecil dan halus, dan terkenal dengan nama fine grain matrix.
Nilai kekerasan pada mineral leucite ini adalah 5,5 sampai dengan 6 dan nilai
berat jenis 2,45 sampai dengan 2,5. warna leucite umumnya adalah putih
keabu-abuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level5 lfo18; tab-stops: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.8.9.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mafic Mineral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mineral
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mafik</span> adalah mineral primer
berwarna gelap, tersusun oleh unsur-unsur Mg dan Fe. Mineral mafik terdiri dari
olivin, piroksen, amfibol (umumnya jenis hornblende), biotit dan muskovit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. Olivine
((Mg,Fe)2SiO4)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Olivine
adalah kelompok mineral silikat yang tersusun dari unsur besi (Fe) dan
magnesium (Mg). Mineral olivine berwarna hijau, dengan kilap gelas, terbentuk
pada temperatur yang tinggi. Mineral ini umumnya dijumpai pada batuan basalt
dan ultramafic. Batuan yang keseluruhan mineralnya terdiri dari mineral olivine
dikenal dengan batuan Dunite. Olivine kadang-kadang juga disebut crysoline.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Olivine
mempunyai kenampakan kilap kaca dan nilai kekerasan(H) 5,5-7,0. mineral ini
memiliki berat jenis (SG) 3,27-4,27. Pada umumnya olivine ditemukan pada batuan
beku basa seperti gabbro, basalt, peridotite dan dunite.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.
Piroksin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Piroksin
merupakan kelompok mineral silikat yang kompleks dan memiliki hubungan erat
dalam struktur kristal, sifat-sifat fisik dan komposisi kimia walaupun mereka
mengkristal dalam dua sistem yang berbeda, yaitu orthorhombic dan monoklin.
Secara struktur, piroksin terdiri dari mata rantai yang tidak ada habisnya dan
tetrahedral SiO4 yang diikat bersama-sama secara lateral oleh ion-ion logam Mg
dan Ca yang berikatan dengan oksigen, dan tidak berikatan langsung dengan
silicon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komposisi
kimia piroksin secara umum adalah W1-p(X,Y)1+pZ2O6. Dimana symbol W, X, Y dan Z
menunjukkan unsur dengan jari-jari atom yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">W
= Na, Ca Y = Al, Fe, Ti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X
= Mg, Fe, Li, Ma Z = Sid an Al dalam jumlah kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk
kristal piroksin adalah prismatic dengan belahan spesifik. Dalam batuan beku
vulkanik, piroksin adalah Augote Calcio rendah atau Pigionite, sedang dalam
batuan plutonik, piroksin adalah Augite.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.
Amphibole (Horblende)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amphibole
adalah kelompok mineral silikat yang berbentuk prismatik atau kristal yang
menyerupai jarum. Mineral amphibole umumnya mengandung besi (Fe), Magnesium
(Mg), Kalsium (Ca), dan Alumunium (Al), Silika (Si), dan Oksigen (O).
Hornblende tampak berwarna hijau tua kehitaman. Mineral ini banyak dijumpai pada
berbagai jenis batuan beku dan batuan metamorf.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D. Mica</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mica
adalah kelompok mineral silicate minerals dengan komposisi yang bervariasi,
dari potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al) , silicon (Si) dan
air (H2O). Struktur mika adalah tipe tetrahedron dalam lembar-lembar. Tiap SiO4
mempunyai tiga oksigen dan satu oksigen bebas., sehingga komposisi dan
valensinya diwakili oleh (Si4O10)ˉ4.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus
umum mika dapat ditulis : W(XY)2-3Z4O10)OHF)2 dimana W = K (Na dalam Paragonite
mineral yang sangat baik pada sekiot).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X,Y
= Al, Li, Mg, Fe</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z = Ai, Al.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Maksud dan
Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Maksud </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Dalam studi geologi, setelah mempelajari ilmu-ilmu
tentang Kristal, tahap selanjutnya adalah mempelajari ilmu tentang mineral atau
minerologi. Minerologi sendiri berkaitan dengan kristalografi dalam
pembelajarannya. Terkait dengan mineral adalah komponen dasar dalam geologi
karena mineral adalah pembentuk batuan yang menjadi inti dari geologi, tentu
saja kita harus mempelajari dan menguasainya untuk dapat melanjutkan ketingkat
berikutnya. Dan dengan menjalani praktikum kali ini dimaksudkan agar kita dapat
mengenal,mengetahui dan menguasai minerologi yang menjadi salah satu dasar
terpenting dalam geologi. Dengan bekal ilmu tentang Kristal yang diperoleh
sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level3 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Tujuan. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Adapun tujuan dari praktikum kristalografi dan mineralogi ini adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Menentukan sistem-sistem kristal dari berbagai
macam bentuk kristal berdasarkan panjang, posisi, dan jumlah sumbu yang ada dalam
setiap bentuk dari kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menentukan
kelas simetri berdasarkan jumlah unsur simetri tiap kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dapat
mengenali, mendeskripsikan, serta menentukan nama-nama-nama mineral pembentuk
batuan berdasarkan sifat-sifat fisiknya secara megaskopis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dapat
mengetahui struktur kristal, komposisi kimia, asosiasi dengan mineral lain
serta proses pembentukan mineral tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">5. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menguasai “indisces” dan dapat menghitung
sudut antar bidang Kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">6. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dapat mengenal Kristal berdasarkan bentuk
idealnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">7. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengetahui sifat fisik dari mineral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo19; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Batasan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Dalam
laporan ini hanya membahas secara umum tentang Kristalografi dan Mineralogi
yang menjadi dasar dalam pengetahuan tentang ilmu Kristalografi dan Mineralogi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo19; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Metode
Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Metode penulisan dalam laporan ini adalah dengan cara pengetikan dengan
komputer yang d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">ata-datanya di ambil dari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> hasil pengamatan serta dengan mencari data-data</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> saat praktikum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Selain itu dengan menggunakan metode kepustakaan
dengan mencari data-data yang berhubungan dengan laporan ini, baik itu melalui
buku-buku atau dengan bahan-bahan yang diperoleh dari dosen mata kuliah
kristalografi dan minerologi.. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo19; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Alat dan
Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">1.6.1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alat Kristalografi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Peralatan
yang digunakan dalam praktikum kristalografi adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">1. Jangka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">2. Busur derajat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">3. Penggaris</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">4. Pensil warna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">5. Pensil mekanik (0,5 mm)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">6. Pen berwarna (milipen)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">7. Rapido</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">8. Kertas HVS A4/A4S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">9. Clipboard</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo20; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Alat
Mineralogi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Peralatan yang digunakan dalam praktikum mineralogi adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 8.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">1. Kuku jari tangan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 8.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">2. Jarum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 8.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">3. Uang logam tembaga<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 8.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">4. Paku besi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 8.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">5. Pisau baja/pisau lipat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 8.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">6. Kaca<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">7. Lup</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">8. Kikir baja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">9.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Amplas (kasar)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">10. Porselin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 8.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">11. Palu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">12. Magnet</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 8.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">13. Lilin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">1.6.3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bahan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Bahan
yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah beberapa contoh mineral yang terdapat
di Laboratorium </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Teknik </span></div>
kang mujeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12113643519074039876noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9138933675380142758.post-21016015884369835742013-04-07T01:20:00.000-07:002013-04-07T01:20:03.961-07:00makalah fisika dasar 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1 Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita tidak terlepas dari ilmu
fisika, dimulai dari pengukuran hingga gaya-gaya yang kita lakukan. Untuk lebih
memahami ilmu-ilmu fisika,sehingga dilakukanlah praktikum</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dengan acuan kepada materi-materi
yang telah dipelajari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pratikum merupakan
suatu praktek secara langsung berhubungan dengan sesuatu atau objek yang sedang
dibahas .Pratikum adalah suatu pratek pengembangan dari teori yang
dipelajari,sehingga mahasiswa /itidak hanya mengetahui teori tetapi mengetahui
wujud yang dipelajari. Contoh saja pengukuran ,jika hanya teori maka akan sulit
dipahami serta diaplikasikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.Dalam pratikum Fisika
Dasar 1 menyajikan pengukuran yang berkomposisi jangka sorong ,sperometer.Dan
juga ditambah percobaan-percobaan lain meliputi kesetimbangan ,bandul sederhana
dan gesekan .Kemudian dalam pratikum membutuhkan teori penunjang yang cukup
untuk mendukung pelaksanaan pratikum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kesempatan ini
,penulis menyajikan kumpulan teori penunjang dalam sebua makalah yang tersusun
secara sistematis dan terperinci serta hadir dengan bahasa umum yang mudah
dipahami.Makalah ini bersumber dari buku –buku yang berhuungan dengan teori
pratikumserta bersumber dari internet yang telah disaring. Segenap mahasiswa/I
khususnya jurusan pendidikan matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan alam. Agar dapat
memanfaatkn makalah inisebagai tambahan teori penunjang dalam pratikum.sehingga
dapat melakukan pratikum dengan hasil yang memuaskan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2 Rumusan Masalah</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah yang
telah dikemukakan, maka perumusan masalah dalam makalah ini “ Materi-Materi
dalam Praktikum Fisika Dasar I”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3 Tujuan </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesuai dengan
perumusan masalah yang telah dikemukakan maka pemelitian ini bertujuan: “untuk
mengetahui materi-materi yang terdapat dalam praktikum fisika dasar I.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4 Manfaat</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan tercapainya tujuan penelitian
ini, diharapkan hasilnya akan dapat menjadi ilmu tentang :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Cara menggunakan alat-alat ukur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Mengetahui tingkat ketelitian suatu alat ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Menentukan gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada titik kesetimbangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Menentukan nilai gravitasi bumi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
Menentukan koefisien gesekan statis dan kinetis</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1 JANGKA SORONG</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.1 Deskripsi</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mistar ingsut yang
merupakan nama lain dari jangka sorong, mistar geser jangka geser atau
schuifmoat. Prinsipnya sama seperti mistar ukur yaitu adanya skala linear pada
batangnya, sedangkan perbedaanya terletak pada cara pengukuran objek ukur. Pada
jangka sorong dibuat rahang ukur gerak yang berfungsi sebagai sensorik untuk
untuk menjepit benda ukur sewaktu melakukan pengukuran. Permukaan kedua rahang
ini dibuat sejajar dan relatif kuat untuk menghindari kesalahan ukur. Batang
ukurnya dibuat kaku dengan permukaan rahang keras sehingga tidak mudah lentur
dan tahan aus, sebab rahang ukur gerak harus menggeser batang ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa bagian
dari jangka sorong yang digunakan untuk mengukur atau menentukan dimensi
dalam, luar, kedalaman dan ketinggian dari benda uji. Yaitu pisau ukuran luar.
Bagian yang digunakan untuk mengukur diameter dalam dan bagian yang digunakan
untuk mengukur kedalaman benda yaitu pisau ukuran kedalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangka sorong
mempunyai 2 bagian utama yang disebut rahang tetap dan rahang sorong (rahang
geser). Skala panjang yang tertera pada rahang tetap disebut skala utama, satu
bagian utama panjangnya 1 mm. Adapun rahang sorong dilengkapi 10 bagian skala
yang disebut skala nonius/vernier. Panjang skala nonius adalah 0,9 mm. Ini
berarti antara 2 garis yang terdekat sama dengan 0,9 mm. Dengan demikian
selisih skala utama dengan skala nonius adalah 9 mm. Ini berarti 1 skala nonius
(jarak antar 2 garis yang berdekatan ) sama dengan 0,9 mm. Dengan demikian
ketidakpastian jangka sorong bisa didapat dengan menggunakan rumus:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">∆X = ½ x nst (nilai skala
terkecil)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
∆X = ½ x 0,1 mm = 0,05 mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara Menggunakan Jangka Sorong</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bacalah skala utama yang berimpit / skala yang terdekat tepat didepan titik
nol skala nonius</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bacalah skala nonius yang tepat berimpit dengan
skala utama </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Hasil
pengukuran, dinyatakan dalam bentuk persamaan berikut:</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H = Skala Utama +
( Skala Nonius yang berimpit x 0,05 mm )</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jenis – Jenis Jangka Sorong</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Jangka Sorong Nonius (Vernier Calper)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada dua jenis utama dari jangka sorong nonius. Jenis
pertama hanya digunakan untuk mengukur dimensi luar dan dimensi dalam,
sedangkan jenis kedua selain untuk mengukur dimensi luar dan dimensi dalam,
juga dapat mengukur ketinggian.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada jenis pertama, untuk mengukur dimensi dalam maka
harga yang dibaca pada skala linear harus ditambahkan dengan tebal dari ujung
kedua rahang ukur. Biasanya mistar ingsut/jangka sorong ini mempunyai kapasitas
ukur sampai 150 mm. Sedangkan untuk jenis besar dapat sampai 1000 mm.
Kecermatan pembacaan tergantung dari skala noniusnya dalam hal ini adalah 0,10
mm ; 0,50 mm atau 0,2 mm.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Jangka Sorong Jam (Dial Caliper)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mistar ingsut/jangka sorong jam, memakai jam ukur sebagai
ganti dari skala nonius. Gerak lurus sensor dirubah menjadi gerak berputar dari
jam penunjuk dengan perantaan roda pada poros ukur dan batang bergigi melekat
di tengah – tengah sepanjang batang mistar. Berikut merupakan tabel dari pembagian
skala untuk kecermatan ingsut jam.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 2.1 Pembagian skala kecermatan ingsut jam</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 40.85pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.1pt;" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kecermatan</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 139.65pt;" width="186">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satu putaran atau 100 bagian skala jam menggeser sensor sejauh</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Angka pada jam dalam mm setiap</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.65pt;" width="90">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembagian skala dalam selang</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 54.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 54.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.1pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,1 mm</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.05 mm</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,02 mm</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 139.65pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10 mm</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5 mm</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 mm</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.15pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10 bagian</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20 bagian</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5 bagian</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.65pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1mm</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 mm</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 mm</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Jangka Sorong
Ketinggian (Height Gauge)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu jenis jangka sorong yang berfungsi sebagai pengukur
ketinggian disebut jangka sorong ketinggian. Alat ukur ini dilengkapi dengan
rahang ukur yang bergerak vertikal pada batang berskala tegak lurus dengan
landasannya. Permukaan rahang ukur sejajar dengan permukaan bawah dari
landasannya.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skala utama pada batang ukur ada yang dapat diatur
ketinggiannya dengan menggunakan penyetel yang terletak di puncaknya. Dengan
demikian pembacaan ukuran dapat diatur mulai dengan bilangan bulat.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Mistar Ingsut Tak Sebidang ( Off Set
Yaws Vernier Caliper) </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk mengukur jarak antara dua permukaan yang
bertingkat</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Mistar Ingsut Jarak Senter ( off set
yaws vernier caliper )</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk mengukur jarak antara
senter lubang dan digunakan untuk mengukur jarak dari senter ke tepi.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Mistar Ingsut Diameter Alur Dalam (
Grouve Vernier Caliper )</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk mengukur alur di dalam silender, diameter
minimum 30 mm.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Mistar Ingsut Pipa (Tube Vernier
Caliper)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk mengukur tebal dinding pipa dan tebal
plat yang melengkung</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Mistar Ingsut Posisi Dan Lebar Alur
( Varnier Caliver With Hooked Jaws )</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk mengukur lebar alur dan posisi alur
terhadap tepi atau alur lain.</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hal – hal yang
harus diperhatikan dalam menggunakan Jangka Sorong</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ahang ukur gerak harus dapat meluncur pada batang ukur dengan baik</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Periksa kedudukan nol serta
kesejajaran dari permkaan ke 2 rahang</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·
Benda ukur sedapat mungkin jangan diukur hanya dengan menggunakan ujung dari
rahang ukur (harus agak kedalam)</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·
Tekanan pengukuran jangan terlampau kuat, sehingga memungkinkan pembengkokan
rahang ukur ataupun lidah ukur kedalaman</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·
Pembacaan skala nonius mungkin dilakukan setelah mistar ingsut/jangka sorong
diangkat dari objek ukur dengan hati – hati</span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2 MIKROMETER SEKRUP</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.1 Deskripsi</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mikrometer pertama
kali dibuat oleh William Gascoigne di abad ke 17. Tapi digunakan untuk mengukur
jarak angular bintang. Kalau mikrometer screew yang dikenal sekarang dibuat
oleh Jean Laurent Palmer dari prancis. Disebut pertama kali dengan nama Palmer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mikrometer merupakan
alat ukur linear yang mempunyai kecermatan yang lebih tinggi, yaitu sampai 0,1mm.
Jadi sebetulnya tidak dapat mengukur sampai 1 mikrometer (meskipun nama alat
ini mikrometer). Kadang-kadang ada juga yang dibuat dengan kecermatan 0,005mm,
0,002mm, 0,001mm bahkan 0,0005mm (dibantu dengan skala nonius). Meskipun
demikian, karena keterbasan dari ketelitian pembuatan alat ulir yang merupakan
komponen utama dari sistem pengubah mikrometer ini, maka derajat kepercayaan
atas hasil pengukuran akan turun apabila mikrometer mempunyai kecermatan lebih
kecil dari 0,005mm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mikrometer sekrup
mempunyai 2 skala, yaitu skala utama dan skala nonius ditunjukkan oleh selubung
lingkaran luar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara garis besar,
pembagian skala mikrometer sekrup yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Skala Utama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri dari
skala : 1,2,3,4,5,6,....mm dan seterusnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nilai
Tengah : 0,5;1,5;2,5;3,5....mm dan
seterusnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Skala Nonius Putar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri dari skala 1-50 tap skala putar
mundur satu putaran maka skla utama bertambah 0,5mm sehingga satu skala putar
besarnya: 0,5/50 mm =0,01mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mikrometer sekrup
mempunyai ketidakpastian pengukuran sebesar setengah dari nilai skala terkecil
(skala nonius). Skala terkecil mikrometer sekrup adalah 0,001 mm. Dengan
demikian ketidakpastian mikrometer sekrup bisa didapat dengan menggunakan rumus
:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">∆X = ½ x nst (nilai skala
terkecil)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">∆X = ½ x 0,01 = 0,005 mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.3</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Cara Menggunakan Mikrometer sekrup</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara menentukan hasil pengukuran dapat
dilakukan dengan langkah berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Sekrup Penggeser diputar pelan-pelan sehingga rahang skala nonius harus tepat
terimpit dengan skal utama. Bila tidak berimpit berarti terjadi kesalahan nol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Putar sekrup penggeser rahang, dibuka pelan-pelan sampai ukuran bukaan cukup
untuk benda yang akan diukur. Kemudian benda dipasang diantara kedua rahang dan
sekrup penggeser, (putar lagi, pelan-pelan sampai benda terjepit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Pembacaan pada skala utama dan nonius dicatat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
pengukuran dengan Mikrometer sekrup dapat dituliskan dengan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H=
(jumlah skala utama sampai atas skala nonius x 0,5 mm) + (jumlah skala nonius
sampai garis skala nonius yang segaris dengan garis horizontal pada skala tetap
x 0,001 mm) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.4</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Jenis - jenis Mikrometer Sekrup</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis – jenis
mikrometer sekrup adalah diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Mikrometer
Luar (outside micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitas ukur dari
mikrometer yang paling kecil adalah sampai dengan 25 mm. Untuk mengukur dimensi
luar yang lebih besar dari 25 mm sampai 100 mm. Yang masing – masing dengan
kecermatan 25 mm. Sebagai mikrometer luar dibantu dengan penunjuk berangka
(digit) yang memudahkan pembacaan hasil pengukuran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Mikrometer Luar dengan landasan dapat diganti (outside micrometer with
interchangeable anvil)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satu jenis mikrometer
dibuat dengan rangka yang besar dan mempunyai kapasitas ukur yang relatif besar
yaitu 0 – 100 mm ; 0 – 150 mm ; 100 – 200 mm ; dan seterusnya sampai kapasitas
900 – 1000 mm dengan kenaikan tingkat sebesar 100 atau 150 mm. Untuk semua
kapasitas ukur tersebut, jarak gerak poros ukurannya tetap 25 mm. Dalam hal ini
landasan tetap yang diganti. Sehingga didapat mikrometer luar dengan kapasitas
ukur yang bervariasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Mikrometer Indikator (indicator micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah gabungan
antara mikrometer dengan jam ukur, sebagian dari rangka mikrometer dipakai
sebagai tempat mekanisme penggerak dari jarum ukur. Dalam hal ini landasan
tetap mikrometer dapat bergerak dan berfungsi pula sebagai sensor dari jam
ukur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Mikrometer Bangku (Bench Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai mikrometer
luar, biasanya mempunyai kecermatan yang tinggi (0,002 mm).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
Mikrometer UNI (UNI Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai mikrometer
luar, pengukuran tebal pipa, dan untuk pengukuran tinggi pada meja rata setelah
landasan tetap dilepas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
Mikrometer Dalam Silinder (Tubular Inside Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk
mengukur diameter dalam. Kedua ujung dari mikrometer berfungsi sebagai sensor. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitas ukur :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50 – 75 mm sampai
dengan 275 – 300 mm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
Mikrometer Dalam (Inside Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk
mengukur diametr dalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitas ukur dapat
diubah dengan mengganti batang ukur ; 25 – 50 mm ; 50 – 200 mm ; 200 – 500 mm ;
dan 200 – 1000 mm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batang pemegang berfungsi
untuk mempermudah pengukuran diameter yang dalam letaknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.
Mikrometer Dalam Tiga Kaki (Holtest, Triobor)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk
mengukur diameter dalam dengan cermat , karena kedudukan mikrometer
selalu tetap di tengah lingkaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Mikrometer
Dalam jenis Rahang (inside Micrometer Caliper)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk
mengukur diameter dalam pada posisi yang sulit di mana mikrometer biasa tak
bisa di pakai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Mikrometer
Luar (Outside Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk
mengukur dimensi luar, pada posisi yang sulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.
Mikrometer Kedalaman (Depth Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk
mengukur kedalaman suatu lubang atau permukaan bertingkat. Batang ukur yang
dapat diganti untuk mengubah kapasitas ukur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12. Mikrometer
Landasan V (V Anvil Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk
mengukur diameter serta memeriksa kebulatannya. Untuk mengukur diameter
luar dari perkakas potong dengan 3 sampai 5 alur. Mengukur diameter kisar tap,
dengan bantuan satu kawat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mikrometer Pipa (Tube Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk
mengukur tebal dinding pipa plat lengkung dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14. Mikrometer
Pana ( Pana Mikrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poros ukur tidak
berputar, hanya bergerak maju mundur. Muka ukur dapat diganti dengan berbagai
bentuk, sehingga kemungkinan berbagai pengukuran, misalnya digunakan untuk
mengukur:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Diameter kisar dari ulir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Roda gigi (Base tangent)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Tebal dinding pipa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Diameter alur luar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Tebal inti dari bor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Diameter kaki dari poros bintang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15. Mikrometer
Roda Gigin (Gear Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muka ukur berupa bola
yang dapat diganti untuk bebrapa macam diameter. Kedua bola masing-masing
diletakkan diantara dua gigi. Modul gigi adalah dari 0,5 sampai 5,25 mm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16. Mikrometer
Piringan (Disc Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan muka ukur yang
lebar kemungkinan pengukuran jarak antara beberapa gigi, bagian bersayap, dan
sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17. Mikrometer
Alur (Groove Micrometer)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengukur ukuran luar
dan dalam, misalnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Lebar alur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Posisi alur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Lebar tonjolan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18. Mikrometer
Luar degan Jam ( Outside Micrometer With Head)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Landasan tetap
merupakan sensor dari jam ukur. Fungsi sama seperti <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mikrometer indikator , yaitu untuk
mengukur dimensi produk dalam jumlah besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19. Mikrometer
Kepala ( Head Micrometer )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mikrometer yang
mempunyai rangka. Dipasang pada alat lain, misalnya untuk mendorong meja pada
mikroskop atau profil proyektor untu suatu jarak tertentu sesuai dengan yang
ditunjukkan skala mikrometer.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1 Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·
Ketelitian jangka sorong adalah 0,05 mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·
Ketelitian micrometer sekrup adalah 0,01 mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·
Ketelitian spherometer adalah 0,01 mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·
Untuk mengukur jari-jari kelengkungan lensa dapat digunakan rumus :</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
R- (1/2)h + s²/ 6h</span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2KRITIK DAN SARAN</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 33.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari makalah yang telah dibuat, pasti
terdapat kesalahan dalam penulisan isi dari makalah ini.maka dari itu
kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun dari pembaca agar
makalah – makalah yang akan dibuat berikutnya lebih sempurna.Atas kritik
dan saran yang diberikan kami ucapkan terima kasih. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Foster, Bob. 2004. <i><u>Fisika
Terpadu</u></i>. Bandung: Erlangga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidayat, S. Lilik.
1990<i>.<u> Kamus Fisika</u></i>. Klaten: Intan Pariwara</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kamajaya, K. 2003. <i><u>Fisika
untuk SMU Kelas I</u></i>. Jakarta: Ganeca</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kanginan, Marten. 2004. <i><u>Fisika Untuk SMA Kelas X</u></i>.
Jakarta: Erlangga Rochim, Taufik dan Soetarto. 1980. <i><u>Teknik Pengukuran
( Metrologi Industri )</u></i>. Semarang: PT. Cipta Sari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruwanto, Bambang.
2003. <i><u>Asas-asas Fisika</u></i>. Jakarta: Yudistira</span></div>
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